what is soil? type of soil?

what is soil?

soil introduction

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, , liquids,minerals, gases and organisms that together support life.Soil is a material composed of five ingredient — soil, organic matter, living organisms ,minerals, , gas, and water. Soil minerals are divided into three size classes — clay, silt, and sand (); the percentages of particles in these size classes is called soil texture.. 

soil details -

Soil are mighty and disparate natural systems that lie at the interface between   life,earth, air, water. They are brittel ecosystem service procurer for the subsistence of humani. The renovate composure and management of soils is among the great defiance and opportunities we faced in the 21st century.

soil features 

Soil is a natural material  of 5 ingredients —  , minerals, soil organic matter,living organisms, water,gas. Soil minerals are separate into 3 size classes —  silt, sand and clay. the % of particles in these size classes is called soil texture. The mineralogy of soils is diverse. For example, a soil mineral called smectite can shrink and swell so much upon wetting and drying that it can knock over buildings. The mostly general mineral in soils is quartz; it makes beautiful crystals but it is not very reactionaries. Soil organic matter is animal, plant and microbial residues in different states of decomposition; it is a critical ingredient — in fact the percentage of soil organic matter in a soil is among the best indicators of agricultural soil quality . 

Soil colour

Soil colors range from the common  grays, whites,browns, yellows, reds and blacks to rare soil colors such as blues.

Advantage of soil

long times many people work with soil — from farmers,construction workers and gardeners .

some people make  career in soil science  technology.

 Soil scientists work in many fields likespace exploration, archeology, insurance, defense,

 engineering, and yes, agriculture space exploration,

archeology, insurance, defense,. Soil science profession  is unique profession

societies have been established in nations throughout the world. 
The Soil Science Society of America is among the biggest.

 Many of these organizations are represented in the International Union of Soil science.

Soil scientists are trained to understand  basic concepts of chemistry, biology, and physics

 operate within the diversity of soils, and to apply this knowledge to address problems 
related to soil behavior and management.

. People drawn to this profession tend to have a love and respect for soils

 rooted in appreciation of their complexity, importance, and beauty.

Compont of soil

activity - A general term used to describe how chemically reactive a particle is with ions, water, and
ther particles.

clay - A mineral particle smaller than 0.002 mm.

clay synthesis - Clays are formed in soils through the transformation of existing clays 

or through the generation of entirely new clay particles from ions precipitating from solution.

desertification - The transformation of a non-arid landscape to an arid landscape,

usually through a combination of climate changes and human-raised soil degradation.

dirt - 1. synonym for soil material; 2. soil out of place; 3. unclean material of any composition.

eluviation - The removal of materials such as clays, organic matter, iron, or aluminum from a horizon.

erosion - The surface removal of soil material from soils by the action nature like water ,wind etc.

eutrophication - A process of excess algal growth that leads to oxygen depletion; often caused 

 by excess nutrient inputs.

factors of soil formation - Factors from which soil scientists are able to predict the end result of 

soil formation processes: climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time.

gas regulation - The absorption and release of gases that mediates the levels of these gases in the
 atmosphere.

illuviation - The deposition of materials such as clays, organic matter, iron, or aluminum into a horizon;

 generally the materials come from an upper horizon in the soil body.

leaching - The removal of dissolved ions from a soil.

natural bodies - Systems that form in nature with size, form, and history that act as in an integrated 

fashion to provide functions that differ from the sum of their parts.

remediate - To transform a chemical from a toxic form or state to a non-toxic form or state.

salinization - A build up of salts in soils to the point that they destroy the soil's physical and

 chemical properties and plants are not able to take up water due to the high salt concentration

; often associated with improper irrigation.

sand - A mineral particle ranging in size from 0.02 to 2 mm.

silt - A mineral particle ranging in size from 0.002 to 0.02 mm.

soil - 1. A material composed of minerals, , wate rand living organisms, soil organic matter, gas .

         2. A body composed of soil and other parts such as rocks, roots, and animals that has size,

           form, and history and provides integrated functions that are greater than the sum of its parts.

soil horizon - Layer present within soil bodies that are distinguishable from other layers; often generated
 through soil formation processes.

soil organic matter -  animal,Plant, and microbial residues, in  defferent states of decomposition.

soil texture - The percentages of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil.

soil quality - The capacity of a soil to provide desirable ecosystem services.

transpiration - Evaporation of water from openings in plant tissues called stomata; associated with
 photosynthesis.

weather - chemical Physical, and biological processes that break down and transform rocks and minerals.

type of soil

The soil is basically classified into 4 type:

• Sandy soil.
• Silt Soil.
• Clay Soil.
• Loamy Soil.

Some physial properties of soil

 Some Properties of Soils

Property/behavior	Sand	Silt	Clay
Water-holding capacity	Low	Medium to high	High
Aeration	Good	Medium	Poor
Drainage rate	High	Slow to medium	Very slow
Soil organic matter level	Low	Medium to high	High to medium
Decomposition of organic matter	Rapid	Medium	Slow
Warm-up in spring	Rapid	Moderate	Slow
Compactability	Low	Medium	High
Susceptibility to wind erosion	Moderate (High if fine sand)	High	Low
Susceptibility to water erosion	Low (unless fine sand)	High	Low if aggregated, otherwise high
Shrink/Swell Potential	Very Low	Low	Moderate to very high
Sealing of ponds, dams, and landfills	Poor	Poor	Good
Suitability for tillage after rain	Good	Medium	Poor
Pollutant leaching potential	High	Medium	Low (unless cracked)
Ability to store plant nutrients	Poor	Medium to High	High
Resistance to pH change	Low	Medium	High

water retention

Soil Texture	Wilting Point	Field Capacity	Available water
Sand	3.3	9.1	5.8
Sandy loam	9.5	20.7	11.2
Loam	11.7	27.0	15.3
Silt loam	13.3	33.0	19.7
Clay loam	19.7	31.8	12.1
Clay	27.2	39.6	12.4

Cation exchange capacity for soil.

Soil	State	CEC meq/100 g
Charlotte fine sand	Florida	1.0
Ruston fine sandy loam	Texas	1.9
Glouchester loam	New Jersey	11.9
Grundy silt loam	Illinois	26.3
Gleason clay loam	California	31.6
Susquehanna clay loam	Alabama	34.3
Davie mucky fine sand	Florida	100.8
Sands	------	1–5
Fine sandy loams	------	5–10
Loams and silt loams	-----	5–15
Clay loams	-----	15–30
Clays	-----	over 30
Sesquioxides	-----	0–3
Kaolinite	-----	3–15
Illite	-----	25–40
Montmorillonite	-----	60–100
Vermiculite (similar to illite)	-----	80–150
Humus	-----	100–300

   

What Is Soil Erosion-

soil erosion  major causes,is evidence of, and key variables used to assess and understand land degradation Soil erosion is a effect of unsustainable land use and other disturbances, such as fire, mining, or intensive agricultural uses. The loss of soil may have grave impacts on the quantity and quality of soil ecosystem services, with serious political ,economic, social, implications.

How to stop soil erosion

Irregardless the fact people activities have accelerated soil erosion, there are ways of repairing and inprove  the damage we have created. From reforestation and windbreaks to stone walls or more sustainable agriculture techniques. Let’s analyze them in greater detail.